Olmecs

The Olmec civilization existed between 800 until 400 BC in Central America. Although it was an agrarian and trade based society, its intellectual endeavors were widely recognized. The Mesoamerican civilization created a mathematical system based on zero, an accurate Olmec calendar, a drainage system, and studied astronomy and engineering. The Olmecs were polytheistic, believing each person possessed an animal spirit that could be controlled by the Shaman, who also conducted rituals and healed the rich. The Olmec calendar and art were based on their religion. The infamous large heads with slanting eyes and a frown are believed to represent jaguars and were used for rituals. The Olmec political organization was headed by priest chieftains who controlled the government and influenced art as well as religion. The society was divided into four main classes: priest-chieftains, the aristocrats, merchant and warriors, and commoners who included farmers, artisans, and sculptors. The merchant class was responsible for connecting the three main city-states: La Venta in Tabasco, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, and Laguna de los Cerros. They traded jade and agricultural products, such as maize, beans, and squash. The farmers used irrigation techniques and rotated crops for effective fertilization and production. While there is much controversy about the decline of the empire, it is believed that either the environment caused a migration from all the city-states except San Lorenzo or, on the other hand, the Olmec were invaded and their artifacts destroyed. The Olmecs provided a stepping stone for later Mesoamerican civilizations. From architecture to culture, the Olmecs introduced an advanced and independent society to the Inca and Aztec Indians.

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Created by Christina Oelsner on September 2, 2008 Edited by Allie Pinosky: September 7, 2008